2021/03/10
GALILEO PROTOFLIGHTMODEL satellite began transmitting E1 and E5 signals in early December. ESA reports them well within power and shape specifications, and suited for interoperability with GPS.
The Galileo ProtoFlightModel (PFM) in-orbit validation (IOV) satellite GSAT0101 began transmitting E1 signals on December 10 using the E11 ranging code, and E5 signals early on December 14. Launched at the same time, Flight Model 2 (FM2), GSAT0102, has not yet started transmitting navigation signals. Several companies and laboratories around the world immediately began processing the PFM signals. This story briefly aggregates their reports.
The European Space Agency (ESA) proudly released a statement: “Europe’s Galileo system has passed its latest milestone, transmitting its very first test navigation signal back to Earth. [. . . . ] The turn of Galileo’s main L-band (1200-1600 MHz) antenna came on the early morning of Saturday 10 December. A test signal was transmitted by the first Galileo satellite in the E1 band, which will be used for Galileo’s Open Service once the system begins operating in 2014. [. . . . ]
“The signal power and shape was well within specifications. The shape is especially important because its modulation is carefully designed to enable interoperability with the L1 band of U.S. GPS navigation satellites: Galileo and GPS can indeed work together as planned.
“The test campaign is concentrating on the first satellite for the reminder of the year, with the focus moving to the second Galileo satellite from the start of 2012. The plan is to complete In-Orbit Testing by next spring.
“The next pair of Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites will also be launched next year, to form the operational nucleus of the full Galileo constellation. Meanwhile the next batch of Galileo satellites are currently being manufactured for launch in 2014.”
Thales Avionics. Thales Avionics has developed a Galileo receiver capable of processing the Open Service, Commercial Service, and Safety of Life service of the Galileo constellation.
Figure 1 shows a screenshot of the Thales Avionics receiver interface program, highlighting the L1 signal energy (top right) and the pilot secondary code (bottom). The satellite Doppler and C/N0 values have been recorded and are provided in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Screen of Thales Avionics receiver interface highlighting L1 signal energy (top right) and the pilot secondary code (bottom). (Click to enlarge).
Figure 2. Satellite doppler and C/N0 values from the Thales Avionics receiver.
Thales has developed a coherent processing of the Galileo E5 AltBOC(15,10) signal compatible with hardware architecture designed for independent processing of both E5a and E5b. This processing is fully compatible with the mismatch between the two RF channels on E5a and E5b, thanks to real-time calibration based on satellite signals. This processing only requires software implementation, without additional recurrent costs. The technique is relevant for future receivers operating in the E5 band, in order to significantly enhance the accuracy, with respect to thermal noise and multi-path, and to improve the cycle slip probability.
CONGO. Several COoperative Network for GIOVE Observation (CONGO) stations, including one at the University of New Brunswick, are tracking both the E1 and E5 signals. Figure 3 shows C/N0 values collected at UNB.
Figure 3. C/N0 values in dB-Hz of PFM 1-Hz data collected at the University of New Brunswick, on December 10. Time axis runs for 24 hours starting at 01:00 UTC. Receiver is a Javad Delta-G2T.
JAVAD GNSS. On December 12, JAVAD GNSS announced that it has tracked the Galileo in-orbit validation satellite, temporarily designated PRN-11.
“An important point is that we tracked it with our units that are already in the market,” said Javad Ashjaee, CEO. “This is not a lab tests. Our customers can track it too.”
Figure 4 shows the company’s tracking results of PRN-11: plots of pseudorange (in chips), doppler (in Hz), and SNR (relative number).
Figure 4. JAVAD GNSS tracking results of Galileo PRN-11 for now, plots of pseudorange (in chips), doppler (in Hz), and SNR (relative number).
Calgary PLAN Group. The University of Calgary sent a detailed report. (See Figure 5 and next item.)
Figure 5. Raw correlator values for the E1 B/C, E5aI/Q and E5bI/Q signals. The bit periods can be clearly seen on E1B, E5aI and E5bI. The secondary code can be observed on E1C while the pilot signal can be seen on singals E5aQ and E5bQ. (From the Calgary Report.)
Galileo E1 and E5: the Calgary Report
By James T. Curran and Aiden Morrison
Researchers in the Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group at the University of Calgary recorded E1 and E5 data using a single dual-channel front-end and subsequently acquired and tracked E1 B/C, E5a and E5b signals in the early morning of December 15.
Using a dual channel front-end designed in-house, a Novatel GPS-703-GGG antenna and a laptop computer, IF data was collected to examine these new signals. This data was processed by GSNRx, a reconfigurable a multi-system, multi-frequency software receiver developed by the PLAN Group.
At approximately 03:20 MST (UTC – 7:00) more than 20 GNSS satellites were visible from a rooftop mounted antenna. Having reconfigured the front-end to accommodate the E5 band, IF data was collected which included Galileo E1 B/C and E5 A/B, GIOVE-B E1 B/C and E5a, GPS L1 C/A and L5, and GLONASS L1 C/A. Following some last-minute modifications to GSNRx to include the Galileo E5b signals, the samples were processed, simultaneously tracking GPS and Galileo on both the L1/E1 and L5/E5 frequencies and GLONASS on L1.
A subset of the raw correlator values for the E1 B, E1 C, E5a I and E5a Q signals are shown in Figure 5 above. Note that the E1 C values have been offset by -2.0×105 for clarity. A data-rate of 250 symbol/s is clearly visible on the E1 B and E5b signals while a 50 symbol/s stream can be observed on the E5a I signal. The 25 chip secondary code is also evident on E1 C at a rate of 250 chip/s.
All six components of the Galileo-PFM signals shown above (transmitted on PRN 11) were tracked independently and their signal modulations were found to agree with the Galileo Open Service ICD. A trace of the measured carrier-to-noise floor ratios for the Galileo signals is shown in Figure 6. As indicated by the ICD, the E5b signals were observed at 2 dB lower power than the E1 B and C signals. The E5a signals, however, were expected to be received at the same power as E5b and yet were observed at approximately 4 dB lower power. This is believed to be a combination of the antenna and IF filtering within the front-end as the E5a center frequency is located relatively near the pass-band edge of both. This front-end was initially designed for 40 MHz bandwidth, but used in this experiment at 50 MHz, as will be discussed later.
Figure 6. C/N0 for Galileo-PFM signals.
The software receiver was once again reconfigured, this time to produce signal correlator values spaced along a delay of approximately 700 m and 70 m for the E1 A/B and E5 A/B signals, respectively, such that the cross-correlation of the received and local-replica PRN sequences could be examined. The signals were tracked for 10 seconds and the 1 ms correlator values averaged, to produce estimates of the code cross-correlation function. The characteristic ripple of the CBOC modulation on E1 B/C can be seen in Figure 7 (left), particularly on the right-most ascending feature of the envelope. Likewise, the alt-BOC cross-correlation of E5a Q in Figure 7 (right) is as expected. It is noted that the E5a I signal has suffered some distortion due to the filtering effects mentioned above.
Figure 7. Measured cross-correlation functions for the Galileo PFM E1 B and C signals (left) and E5a I and E5b I signals (right).
For details of the PLAN group’s front-end, a flexible GNSS signal capture tool, and other specifics on the process employed, see the full-length article.
GPS III Testbed Sat Delivered
Lockheed Martin delivered the the GPS III Non-Flight Satellite Testbed (GNST), the program’s pathfinder spacecraft, to its Denver-area facility. The pathfinder will now undergo final assembly, integration, and test activities.
The GNST is a full-sized, flight equivalent prototype of a GPS III satellite used to identify and solve development issues prior to integration and test of the first space vehicle. According to the company, the approach reduces risk, improves production predictability, increases mission assurance and lowers overall program costs. In Denver, the GNST will be mated with its core structure, navigation payload, and antenna elements before completing pathfinding activities and checkout of environmental test facilities. The GNST will then be shipped to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., for pathfinding activities at the launch site.
GPS III satellites, when launched as scheduled to being in 2014, will replace aging on-orbit GPS satellites to deliver better accuracy and improved anti-jamming power, while enhancing spacecraft design life and adding a new civil signal designed to be interoperable with international global navigation satellite systems.
In parallel with the GNST, progress on the first space vehicle is progressing on schedule. Lockheed Martin received the core structure for the first GPS III satellite in Stennis, Mississippi, on August 4, and is now integrating the space vehicle’s flight propulsion subsystem. The integrated core propulsion module will be shipped to the GPF in the summer of 2012 and will then undergo final assembly, integration and test in order to meet its planned 2014 launch.
The GPS III team is led by the GPS Directorate at the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center. Lockheed Martin is the GPS III prime contractor with teammates ITT, General Dynamics, Infinity Systems Engineering, Honeywell, ATK and other subcontractors.
Drone Downed
Press reports speculate that GPS spoofing was used to get the RQ-170 Sentinel Drone to land in Iran. According to an Iranian engineer quoted in a Christian Science Monitor story, “By putting noise [jamming] on the communications, you force the bird into autopilot. This is where the bird loses its brain.” At that point, the drone relies on GPS signals to get home. By spoofing GPS, Iranian engineers were able to get the drone to “land on its own where we wanted it to, without having to crack the remote-control signals and communications.”
“The GPS navigation is the weakest point,” the Iranian engineer told the Monitor, giving a detailed description of Iran’s electronic ambush of the highly classified pilotless aircraft.
In 2011, the U.S. Air Force awarded two $47 million contracts to BAE Systems and Northrop Grumman for development of a navigation warfare sensor to replace military GPS receivers on aircraft and missiles, and designed to maintain freedom of action under extreme GPS countermeasures.
GLONASS Fully Operational
For the first time in more than 15 years, GLONASS is fully operational, with 24 satellites in their designated orbital slots, set healthy, and providing world coverage.
GLONASS 744, an M-class satellite and one of three launched from Baikonur on 4 November, was set healthy December 8, bringing the number of healthy operating satellites to the full complement of 24.
GLONASS briefly achieved a 24-satellite constellation in early 1996 but it degraded rapidly due to Russia’s economic difficulties following the break-up of the Soviet Union coupled with the short lifetime of the GLONASS satellites. Since 2002, the GLONASS constellation has slowly but surely been rebuilt with the Russian government’s commitment to provide a global positioning and navigation system comparable to that of GPS.
Luch SBAS. Roscosmos also launched the Luch-5A geostationary relay satellite on December 11.
Luch-5A is the first in a series of new data relay satellites designed to rebuild the Luch Multifunctional Space Relay System, which had ceased operating by 1998. Among other functions, 5A hosts a wideband satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) transponder.
The SBAS transponder will transmit correction and integrity data for GLONASS and GPS on the GPS L1 frequency with a C/A pseudorandom noise code to be assigned by the GPS Directorate. The data will be provided by the System for Differential Correction and Monitoring or SDCM, which uses a ground network of monitoring stations on Russian territory as well as some overseas stations.
As the SDCM primary service area is Russian territory, the main lobe of the SBAS antenna beam will be directed to the north with an angle of 7 degrees relative to the direction to the equator. Transmitted power of 60 watts will give a signal power level at Earth’s surface roughly equal to that of GLONASS and GPS signals, about –158 dBW.
The current international SBAS data format has a limited capability for broadcasting corrections for both GLONASS and GPS satellites combined. There is space for only 51 satellites, insufficient for the current number of satellites on orbit. As a result, studies are being carried out in an attempt to resolve this problem. One option is to use a dynamic satellite mask, where an SDCM satellite would only broadcast corrections and integrity data for those GLONASS and GPS satellites in view of users in the territory of the Russian Federation.
Luch-5A is the first of three MSRS/SDCM satellites. Luch-5B will be launched in 2012 into a slot at 95 degrees east longitude and Luch-4, in 2014, into a slot at 167 degrees east longitude.
Beidou Launch Fills Regional Nav System
The Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite was launched on December. According to a Chinese government announcement, this launch completes the construction of the basic regional navigation system for service to China and will be operational by the end of the year. However, completion of the Phase II development, to provide service to the Asia/Pacific region, will require further satellite launches in 2012. Phase III global coverage, with a 30-satellite system, will be achieved by 2020 according to the Beidou website.
The GNSS community outside China still awaits a Compass interface control document (ICD), which has been promised by the end of 2012.
LightSquared Incompatibility Declared
U.S. government tests conducted in November showed that 75 percent of GPS receivers examined were interfered with at a distance of 100 meters from a LightSquared (LS)base station. The report states that “No additional testing is required to confirm harmful interference exists,” and “Immediate use of satellite service spectrum for terrestrial service not viable because of system engineering and integration challenges.”
The tests showed interference by the LS Low 10 terrestrial signal with an overwhelming majority of general-purpose GPS receivers. Data from LS handsets was collected, analysis is underway, but no results were given. Wideband and military receivers were tested, but neither specifications nor results were presented; a classified session was convened for that purpose.
Of the 92 receivers for which full data sets were compiled, 75 percent of them failed a 1db test, showing harmful interference at 100 meters from a LS base station. These 69 receivers failed at a broadcast level of around -15dBm from the LS transmitter.
In a December 7 filing with the FCC, LightSquared further revised its public plans to say that it would “limit its power on the ground when transmitting in the lower 10 MHz from 1526-1536 MHz to no more than –30 dBm until January 1, 2015, –27 dBm until January 1, 2017, and –24 dBm thereafter.” According to test data, at –30 dBm, approximately 17 percent of GPS receivers would be disrupted; at –27 dBm, 25 percent; at –24 dBm, 36 percent. Proceeding with this scenario would require the assumption that the FCC, or indeed anyone, believes anything that LightSquared says at any given instant, for any given duration.
item: Bluetooth speaker jammer | cell service jammer
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bluetooth speaker jammer
A low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.phase sequence checker for three phase supply.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,it employs a closed-loop control technique,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.temperature controlled system,synchronization channel (sch),radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,specificationstx frequency.and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.building material and construction methods.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).its total output power is 400 w rms,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,due to the high total output power,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.
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Are suitable means of camouflaging,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,there are many methods to do this.blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,in contrast to less complex jamming systems.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,this was done with the aid of the multi meter,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity,automatic telephone answering machine,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,the proposed design is low cost.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,whether voice or data communication,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the systems applied today are highly encrypted.communication system technology,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,completely autarkic and mobile,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.once i turned on the circuit.military camps and public places,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.
Vswr over protectionconnections.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment.with the antenna placed on top of the car,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,pll synthesizedband capacity.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,this is done using igbt/mosfet,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control.the unit requires a 24 v power supply,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,we are providing this list of projects.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),this task is much more complex.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.we just need some specifications for project planning,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,presence of buildings and landscape.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,this system considers two factors.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.power grid control through pc scada,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.
Starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,.
